What is The Tunneling Techniques?

 Basic tunnel system

Tunnels are generally divided into four major categories, depending on the material they pass through. Soft soil. It consists of soil and very weak rocks. Hard rock; soft rocks such as slate, chalk, and fragile sandstone. And underwater. Although the methods of drilling and supporting the ground differ greatly in these four broad types of ground conditions, almost all tunneling still involves basic procedures such as surveying, drilling and material transport, ground support, and environmental control. It is included. 

Similarly, tunnels in mining and civil engineering projects share basic steps, but because of their different purposes, their design approaches to sustainability are very different. Many mining tunnels are planned for temporary use at minimal cost during ore mining, but this could be changed by the growing demand of surface owners for legal protection against later tunnel collapses. 

In contrast, most civil or public works tunnels are inhabited by humans, provide complete protection for adjacent owners, and are designed to be much more conservative for permanent security. In all tunnels, geological conditions play a dominant role in determining the acceptability of construction methods and the usefulness of various designs. 

Indeed, the history of tunnels is full of cases where sudden encounters with unexpected situations have interrupted construction, design, or both changes for extended periods of time, resulting in significant cost and time increases. For example, in 1960, in the Awari Tunnel in Lebanon, a huge stream of water and sand-filled more than two miles of the bore, doubling the construction period to eight years with a length of 10 miles.

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